● Supports vision health, skin health, immune health, and increases antioxidant support (182, 183).

● Supports antioxidant function via decreased inflammatory cytokines (inflammation), decreased reactive oxygen species, and increased l-glutathione production (master antioxidant).

● Supports visual health via increased amounts of plasma vitamin A in macular (eye) tissues.

● Supports immune, cardiovascular, skin, cognitive, fat burning, and digestive health (97, 98).

● Supports immune health via increased oxidant, free radical scavenging, and fueling neutrophilic (immune cell) activity in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing (97,98).

● Supports fat burning by increasing carnitine biosynthesis (molecule required for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation) (97,98).

● Supports accelerate bone healing after a fracture, increase type I collagen synthesis, and reduce oxidative stress (inflammation)(98).

● Supports exercise performance, immune health, muscle growth, optimal bone health, hormonal health, immune function, increased sexual health, cardiovascular health, glucose tolerance, strength, and positive mood
(77,78,79).

● Supports hormonal health via high amounts of vitamin D receptor(VDR) activity in hormone based negative feedback loop reactions(77,78).

● Supports cardiovascular health via improved absorption of calcium, reduced atherosclerotic activity, stimulating cardiomyocytes, and improved vascular health (77,78).

● Supports exercise performance via reduced exercise associated inflammation and muscle damage (77,78).

● Supports sexual health via increased activity of Vitamin D receptor activity of testosterone production (79).

● Supports immune function via decreases of inflammatory cytokines and aiding immune cells (77,78).

● Supports joint health via regulating calcium and phosphorus and bone remodeling along with other calcium-regulating actions (77,78)

● Supports immune function, cognitive health, cardiovascular health, and bone health (204,205,206,207,208)

● Supports immune health via neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and increased T lymphocyte-mediated immune function
(204).

● Supports cardiovascular health via reduced cholesterol (204).

● Supports cognitive function via reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage of neuronal tissues (208).

● Serves as a cofactor in more than 150 enzymatic reactions associated in blood sugar regulation, immunity, cardiovascular function, neuronal health, metabolic, and digestive health (38, 40).

● Reduces plasma glucose (blood sugar levels) via by inhibiting the activity of small-intestinal α-glucosidases (enzymes associated with glucose metabolism)(39).

● Functions as an antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (inflammatory markers) and advanced glycation end-products (38,40).

● May support blood sugar regulation in women with gestational diabetes (40).

● Cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA metabolism (40).

● Supports proper DNA synthesis, folate cycle function, energy production, cognitive function, and immune health (51,53).

● Aids as an antioxidant via direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (inflammation), preserving l-glutathione levels (master antioxidant), and reducing oxidative stress (51).

● May prevent vitamin b-12 deficiency diseases such as anemia, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis(53).

● May support proper cell growth and DNA synthesis (65).

● Supports energy production, cell growth, cell repair, cognitive function, increased hippocampal volume (memory), and optimized bioenergetics (burning of carbohydrates, fat, and protein) (96)

● Supports conversion of food into cellular energy, hair health, skin health, and cognitive function (213,214).

● Enhances glucose breakdown into skeletal muscle tissue (213,214).

● Supports immune function, skin health, cognitive function, and vision (172,173).

● Supports stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system(172,173).

● Supports the activation of lymphocytes and activation of innate and T cell mediated immunity (172,173).

● Supports cognitive function by modulation of neuronal signaling in areas of the brain associated with memory and learning (hippocampus) (172,173).

● High bioavailable source of iodine and polyphenols (32).

● May support healthy thyroid levels in individuals with impaired thyroid function (32).

● Supports liver detoxification, combats metabolic syndrome, and aids as an antioxidant (221).

● Combats metabolic syndrome via reduced levels of triglycerides, total-and LDL-cholesterol (221).

● Supports antioxidant function via reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers (interleukin 6) (222).

● Essential for cell membrane integrity, cell messaging, fatmetabolism, DNA synthesis, immune support, and nervous system function (62,63).

● Serves as a methyl donor and as a precursor for production of cell membranes (62).

● Precursor for acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) which activates receptors in the central nervous system mediated immune responses(α7nAchR) (64).

● Lifelong choline supplementation may combat neurodegenerative diseases by reducing amyloid-β plaque load (plaques of degrading neurons) (62).

● Reduces concentration of total homocysteine (inflammation marker) in individuals with low levels of folate and other B vitamins (B₂, B₆, and B₁₂) (62).

Vitamin A (Beta carotene):

182.Eggersdorfer, M., & Wyss, A. (2018). Carotenoids in human nutrition and health. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics,652, 18–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001

183. Sunkara, A., & Raizner, A. (2019). Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal,15(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-15-3-179

Vitamin C

97. Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function.Nutrients,9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

98. DePhillipo, N. N., Aman, Z. S., Kennedy, M. I., Begley, J. P., Moatshe, G., & LaPrade, R. F.(2018). Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Collagen

Synthesis and Oxidative Stress After Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Review. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine,6(10), 2325967118804544. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118804544

Vitamin D3

77. Chang, S. W., & Lee, H. C. (2019). Vitamin D and health-The missing vitamin in humans.Pediatrics and neonatology,60(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.04.007

78. Zhang, Y., Fang, F., Tang, J., Jia, L., Feng, Y., Xu,
P., & Faramand, A. (2019).

Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review
and meta-analysis. BMJ(Clinical research ed.),366, l4673. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4673

79. Pilz, S., Frisch, S., Koertke, H., Kuhn, J., Dreier, J.,
Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Wehr, E., & Zittermann, A. (2011). Effect of vitamin
D supplementation on

testosterone levels in men. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon-und

Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme,43(3), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269854

Vitamin E

204. Jovic, T. H., Ali, S. R., Ibrahim, N., Jessop, Z. M.,
Tarassoli, S. P., Dobbs, T. D., Holford, P., Thornton, C. A., & Whitaker,
I. S. (2020). Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against
COVID-19?.Nutrients,12(9), 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092550

205. Traber, M. G., & Atkinson, J. (2007). Vitamin E,
antioxidant and nothing more. Free radical biology & medicine,43(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024

206. Wu, D., & Meydani, S. N. (2014). Age-associated changes in immune function: impact of vitamin E intervention and the underlying mechanisms. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets,14(4),
283–289. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530314666140922143950

207. De la Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Victor,
V. M., & Arnalich, F. (2008).Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune
functions in elderly men and women. Free radical research,42(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760801898838

208. Browne, D., McGuinness, B., Woodside, J. V., &
McKay, G. J. (2019). Vitamin E and Alzheimer's disease: what do we know so far?. Clinical interventions in aging,14, 1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S186760

Vitamin B-6

38. Ueland, P. M., McCann, A., Midttun, Ø., & Ulvik, A. (2017). Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways. Molecular aspects of medicine,53, 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.08.001

39. Bird R. P. (2018). The Emerging Role of Vitamin B6 in
Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Advances

in food and nutrition research,83, 151–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.004

40. Mascolo, E., & Vernì, F. (2020). Vitamin B6 and
Diabetes: Relationship and Molecular Mechanisms. International journal of
molecular sciences,21(10), 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103669

Vitamin B-12

51. van de Lagemaat, E. E., de Groot, L., & van den Heuvel, E. (2019). Vitamin B12in Relation to Oxidative Stress: A Systematic
Review.Nutrients,11(2), 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020482

53.Shipton, M. J., & Thachil, J. (2015). Vitamin B12
deficiency-A 21st century

perspective. Clinical medicine (London, England),15(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.15-2-145

Folic Acid

65. Bailey, L. B., Stover, P. J., McNulty, H., Fenech, M.
F., Gregory, J. F., 3rd, Mills, J. L.,Pfeiffer, C. M., Fazili, Z., Zhang, M.,
Ueland, P. M., Molloy, A. M.,

Caudill, M. A., Shane, B.,Berry, R. J., Bailey, R. L., Hausman, D. B.,

Raghavan, R., & Raiten, D. J. (2015). Biomarkers of Nutrition for

Development-Folate Review. The Journal of nutrition,145(7), 1636S–1680S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.206599

Vitamin B-5

96. Ragaller, V., Lebzien, P., Südekum, K. H., Hüther, L.,
& Flachowsky, G.

(2011). Pantothenic acid in ruminant nutrition: a review. Journal of animal

physiology and animal nutrition,95(1),6–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01004.x

Biotin

213. Mock DM. Biotin: From Nutrition to Therapeutics. J
Nutr. 2017

Aug;147(8):1487-1492.doi: 10.3945/jn.116.238956. E pub 2017 Jul 12. PMID:
28701385; PMCID: PMC5525106.

214. Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the
Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017 Aug;3(3):166-169. doi:
10.1159/000462981. E pub

2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28879195; PMCID: PMC5582478.

Zinc

172.Maywald, M., Wessels, I., & Rink, L. (2017). Zinc
Signals and Immunity. International journal of molecular sciences,18(10), 2222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102222

173.Wessels, I., Rolles, B., & Rink, L. (2020). The
Potential Impact of Zinc

Supplementation onCOVID-19 Pathogenesis. Frontiers in immunology,11, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712

Iodine/Kelp

32. Aakre, I., Tveito Evensen, L., Kjellevold, M., Dahl, L.,
Henjum, S., Alexander, J.,

Madsen, L., & Markhus, M. W. (2020). Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in

a Group of Sea weed Consumers in Norway.Nutrients,12(11), 3483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113483

Inositol

221. Tabrizi R, Ostadmohammadi V, Lankarani KB, Peymani P,
Akbari M, Kolahdooz F, AsemiZ. The effects of inositol supplementation on lipid
profiles among patients with

metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized

controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2018 May 24;17(1):123. doi:

10.1186/s12944-018-0779-4. PMID: 29793496; PMCID: PMC5968598

222. Formoso G, Baldassarre MPA, Ginestra F, Carlucci MA,
Bucci I, Consoli A. Inositol and antioxidant supplementation: Safety and
efficacy in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.

2019Jul;35(5):e3154. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3154. E pub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30889626;

PMCID: PMC6617769.

Choline Bitrate

62. Velazquez, R., Ferreira, E., Knowles, S., Fux, C.,
Rodin, A., Winslow, W.,

& Oddo, S. (2019). Lifelong choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer's
disease pathology and associated cognitive deficits by attenuating microglia

activation. Aging cell,18(6),e13037. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13037

63 Jadavji, N. M., Emmerson, J. T., MacFarlane, A. J.,
Willmore, W. G., & Smith, P. D. (2017).B-vitamin and choline
supplementation increases neuroplasticity and recovery afterstroke.
Neurobiology of disease,103, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.001 

64. Jacobson, S. W., Carter, R.
C., Molteno, C. D., Stanton, M. E., Herbert, J.S., Lindinger, N.M., Lewis, C.
E., Dodge, N. C., Hoyme, H. E., Zeisel, S. H.,

Meintjes, E. M., Duggan, C. P., &Jacobson, J. L. (2018). Efficacy of

Maternal Choline Supplementation During Pregnancy in Mitigating Adverse Effects
of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Growth and Cognitive Function: A Randomized,
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Alcoholism, clinical and
experimental research,42(7), 1327–1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13769